Kuandyk Ainabek
The Philosophy of Life and Business
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CHAPTER 10. DIALECTICS OF PUBLIC BUSINESS AND ENVIRONMENT
In the research and study literature they write that the species the man belongs to appeared 3.5-5 million years ago in the eastern part of Africa and in South Asia. The primitive man, before appearance of agriculture and cattle husbandry, was an omnivorous consumer of the ecosystem. Over that period the influence of the business activity of human communities on the environment was insignificant. The size of the entire population of this species on the Earth 1.5 million years ago was about 500 thousand, and the man’s lifespan was not any more than 20 years [1. p.52]. Origination of the modern man’s progenitor was studied, in particular, by the American researcher Wales, who determined, studying the genes of the people, that the scientific Adam appeared in Africa 60 thousand years ago, and by that time the number of this species reduced to 2 thousand people. And the genes of the progenitors who settled in the south of Kazakhstan near Kyrgyz border about 35-40 thousand years ago, being the descendants of the scientific Adam, gave origin to 3.5 billion people of modern communities of Eurasia, Europe and America [2]. Currently there are over 6.5 billion people on the planet, whose number grew significantly just for 200 years, due to the development of industry and economy as a whole.
The man as a species, as well as all other organisms, not only depends on the environment but also makes an impact on it. The ability to think, to create labour instruments made it possible for people to engage in cattle husbandry and agriculture, which appeared 10 thousand years ago, for overcoming the lack of food resources. Since the time of cattle husbandry and agriculture development, the human race has been simultaneously building its own ecological system. The people’s impact on the environment brought about the change and impoverishment of the biosphere structure, deterioration of the state of soil and water. A considerable deterioration of ecology started 200 years ago, as industry began developing [1, p. 53].
Thus, for instance, at the end of the 20th century the speed of desert invasion became equal to 60 thousand square kilometers a year, disappearance of forests planet-wise – 150 thousand square kilometers a year, as well as disappearance of 150 species of plants and animals annually [3, p. 9]. Since 1970, over 30% of the species of living organisms have been destroyed: consumption of sea fish has grown more than 2-fold, therefore the world’s fish stock is running low; over 80% of the corals in the Indian Ocean have died as a result of the beginning of the global warming caused by the industrial activity of the mankind; over the recent 40 years consumption of natural resources and emission of carbon dioxide have increased twice; it is forecasted that in the following 20 years vehicles will be used 40% more, and power consumption will grow by 35% [4, p. 337].
At the modern stage burning ecological problems still include the change of the climate and ozone layer, reduction of diversity of biological organisms, desert invasion, pollution of water resources and air, accumulation of production and consumption waste. The attention to it was paid in the Program of Environmental Protection for 2008-2010 of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the contents of which are selectively and compactly represented in the text below [5].
The main source of emission of greenhouse gases is still the power-producing activity, the share of which was 78% in 2005, and actually has not changed in the republic over the last decade. Most of 400 and 300 species of plants and vertebrate animals respectively are on the verge of distinction. The processes of desert invasion and degradation affect, to a different extent, 70% of the land within Kazakhstan, and the extreme level of degradation is observed on 26.6 million of 188.9 million hectares of the country’s grass lands. The share of saline soil is 31.3% of the total area of irrigated plough land [5].
The former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site is still one of the worst in the republic. The research confirms that the site territory is radioactively contaminated. Radioactive elements, moving along food links, cause distortion of vital functions, up to the death of the entire organism. Radionuclides can preserve their lethal toxicity for 10-100 million years. The scope of smaller burials of radioactive waste scattered around the world is quite large. Therefore the problem of radioactive waste will be even more urgent in time [1, p. 76].
The state of the environment has been considerably deteriorated by the oil-extraction enterprises in a number of the Caspian Sea region areas, for a century-long oil and gas field development in Kazakhstan. Radiation pollution of the oil extraction territories is also conditioned by the fact that stratal waters of many oil fields include a higher concentration of radionuclides.
There are data on the connection of many diseases with oil contaminations in the areas where blood and blood-forming organ disorders are 2-4 times higher than throughout the republic. There are also considerable changes in the life activity of fish fauna of the North Caspian Sea, which has influenced the 3-fold reduction of the volume of sturgeon fishery.
At present, throughout the country, the average emission of various chemical compounds into the atmosphere per capita is about 200 kg., whereas in the year 2000 this figure equaled to 163 kg.
Throughout the republic, stabilization of emissions from stationary sources is observed at the approximate rate of over 3 million tons a year, and emissions of motor transport contaminants are constantly growing. In the cities of the republic, the contribution of motor transport to the pollution of the urban airshed reaches over 60%, and in Almaty – up to 90% of the total city emissions, and that is why the city was included in the top ten of most polluted cities in the world [5].
Pollutions are also connected with the spread of chemically active substances, among which the most dangerous ones are persistent organic pollutants slowly dissolving in the environment, able to accumulate in living organisms. Major sources of land pollution in the republic are waste of industrial and power-producing enterprises, agriculture, households, etc.
Reducing the level of waste and environment pollution needs creation of economic and legal tools for their regulation. The economic instruments available should be supplemented with indicators of ecologization efficiency enterprise-wise, industry-wise and country-wise in general. It should be mentioned that ecologization is understood as the process of bringing deviations of the volume of waste and the level of environment pollution to the normal state. And efficiency of ecologization of the entity, industry or country (1Ээ) should be understood as ratio of the volume of outcome from usage (Pи) and the funds allotted for environmental protection measures (Сэ). This is the first kind of ecologization efficiency, which can be presented with the following formula: 1Ээ = (Pи : Сэ)×100%. (17)
It is desirable that the indicator should be connected with the efficiency of the entity, industry or country, taking into account the expenses on ecology (1Ээс).
1Ээс = [Pч /(Сс + Сэ + Шэ)]×100%, (18)
where Pч is the net profit, Сс – prime costs of the entity, Сэ – costs on environment protection activity, Шэ – fines for failure to take ecological measures. These formulae show that their interconnection is mainly determined through (Сэ).
The second kind of ecologization efficiency (2Ээ) can be presented with the following formula: 2Ээ = (Сн : Сф) × 100%, (19)
where Сн is the ecological standard of pollution, Сф – actual pollution of environment.
These economic instruments of ecologization are necessary to keep the balance between economy and ecology.
For the period from 2000 to 2006, over 197 emergencies and accidents of natural and technogenic character, where the number of the victims was over 117 thousand people, were registered. A huge damage is also caused by forest fires, which, since 2000, has exceeded 2 billion tenge [5].
Changes in the environment predetermined by economic activity of particular countries and the entire world will lead to global ecological crises and then to catastrophes of the planet scope. “As opposed to the ecological catastrophe, where the man is a passive party in an irreversible natural phenomenon, the ecological crisis is considered to be a reversible state, where the man is an active party. In a broader sense, the ecological crisis is understood as a phase of the biosphere development, at which a qualitative renewal of the living matter takes place” [1, p. 57]. We would like to object to the ecologists with regards to the definition of the ecological crisis contents. Firstly, the ecological crisis can become an irreversible process and overgrow into a natural catastrophe; secondly, being a phase of the biosphere development, it contributes not only to a qualitative renewal of the living matter but also to degradation and simplification of the biosphere structure. Thirdly, the ecological crisis represents a disbalance in the environment caused by the consequences of the human race’s business.
The impact of public business on the environment and their interaction can be illustrated as follows by Figure 8.
Public business in the processes of natural resources extraction, their processing, production of final and intermediate products, while using the traditional technology, makes waste and emissions to the environment, the marginal utility of which is reducing, according to the model, from circle No 6 to circle No 5, and so on, which can bring about not only an economic but also an ecological crisis, and then overgrow into a catastrophe of the planet scope.
Figure 8. Model of reduction of environment marginal utility (from 6 to 5) and increase of emissions and pollution (
) by public business (4) in processes of natural resources extraction (1), their processing (2), production of final and intermediate products (3)
Anthropogenic pollution of the biosphere with hazardous substances exceeding all norms is not cleaned away by decomposers (heterotrophic organisms and bacteria destroying compound organic matters and releasing non-organic nutrient materials)
Therefore ecologists have called this crisis “the crisis of decomposers”. At the current rates of pollution activity and threat of lack of natural and economic resources, two ecological crises can occur: the global warming (thermodynamic) crisis and the global crisis of ecological system reliability [1, p. 57].
The report by the UN international group on the problems of climatic changes emphasizes that the temperature on the Earth will become 2-4 degrees higher by the year 2100. It will lead to an increase of the World Ocean level due to polar ice melting. Modeling ecological consequences of the warming and increase of the ocean level by 0.5-2 metres by the end of the 21st century, the scientists have determined that it will result in disturbance of the climate balance, flooding of lowlands in more than 30 countries and other adverse consequences. The scope of the warming and its ecological consequences can be irreversible [1, p. 73].
The pending global ecological crisis makes us start thinking of the reasons ways out of the situation, as the global warming on the planet will have disastrous consequences, and hundreds million people of all the population layers will fall victim to them. Afterwards, according to the cyclicity law, an ice age will come, which will bring numerous trials to the mankind facing the verge of survival or maybe even extinction as a species which has fallen short of expectations, chosen not the spiritual perfection but material benefits and satisfaction of egoistic needs.
With regards to it, as early as in 1992, the UN Secretary General on Environment and Development M. Strong emphasized that “the processes of economic growth are generating an unprecedented level of well-being and power of the rich minority but simultaneously leading to risks and disbalances, posing an equal threat to the rich and to the poor. This model of development and corresponding nature of production and consumption are not stable for the rich and can not be repeated by the poor. Following this way may result in a collapse of our civilization” [3, p. 9; 6, p. 159]. The reasons of this ecological future pessimistic scenario of our planet should be looked for in the economy, state-level management and interstate relations. “Our very existence, - said the Prime Minister of Norway G.C. Brundtland as early as in 1987, - is under the threat due to incorrect management and over-exploitation of the environment” [3, p. 9].
The mankind at the modern stage of development, as of the beginning of the 21st century, is represented by interacting separated organizations in the forms of communities, states, companies, etc., having lots of unresolved matters of joint survival in the conditions of pending global ecological crises and catastrophes. The English researcher-economist G. Sloman writes the following about it: “… we should be able to establish what exactly is the optimum. It requires clear definition of objectives with regards to stability and any conflicts between human and economic objectives. It also requires awareness of exact ecological consequences of various activities, such as emissions of СО2 into the atmosphere, and here the scientists disagree… There is a problem due to the fact that many ecological matters are of the global nature, not only of the local or national one. A lot of things require coordinated actions of governments around the world. However, the history of international treaties on ecological matters is the history of bitter discrepancies between the countries, which seem to be more concerned about their own national interests” [4, p.343]. Apparently, only a grief shared by all communities can make them realize the need for finding a compromise, for harmonization of interests for joint survival in the conditions of the global changes of the climate and ecosystem instability.
The nature appears to be a self-restoring system. Making changes by the human activity within the global ecosystem will, no doubt, result in awakening of the tool of restoration to the original state of the Nature, which means a cyclic transition to warming the climate and from it – to the other extremity, ice age, which will help the nature to get rid of the sources of disbalance in the system. With regards to it, we can quote a moral from the sacred book of the Koran: “Verily, all things have We created in proportion and measure. And Our Command is but a single Act - like the twinkling of an eye. And oft in the past, have We destroyed gangs like unto you: then is there any that will receive admonition? All that they do is noted in their Books of Deeds: Every matter, small and great, is on record” [7, p. 1009].
The Earth appears to be a part of the sapience system of the Universe. People guessed about it a long time ago. Thus, for instance, the Dutch researcher C. Huygens at the end of the 17th century remarked that life is a cosmic phenomenon [8, p. 474]. According to the concept of V.I. Vernadsky, “the man is a planetary phenomenon, the thinking human brain is a natural product of the matter and universe” [9, p. 113-115].
Further, A. Poys writes that “… the Earth proper and all its spheres are united (penetrated) by the magnetosphere (magnetic field) of the Earth spreading for huge distances from it. Most planets of the Solar System also have the magnetic field, and the Sun itself (and not only the Sun but also other stars). It is possible (by an analogy with magnetic discs) that it is the magnetosphere of the Earth (and not only the Earth) that is the super storage (or one of them) with the information (memory) on everything that exists and existed on the Earth, including every single Man and the Mankind as a whole. And the nucleus (at least, the nucleus of the living cell) is the carrier of potential (concentrated) energy and (convolute) information” [10, p. 37].
The Earth also has its own aura, just like a man and any living organism. G. Hegel writes with regards to it: “The soul of the planet is the ratio of its distance from the Sun, its rotation, etc., it is truly sapience…” [11, p. 426]. This aura in the form of the envelope penetrating the Earth appears to be an information program functioning on the base of the supersubtle and subtle energies, which, together with the information field of the corresponding energies, appear to be the hologram of the Universal Supreme Mind. Therefore the Earth, subject to the laws of the Universe, connects tools of evolutionary and revolutionary development. It can be observed via the example of annihilation of the whole classes of such animals as dinosaurs, which were a dead option of development of living material creatures. The question was resolved in a simple way: a large comet (or asteroid) fell down on the Earth, and dinosaurs disappeared. It is not by accident but quite a natural outcome as the spirituality did not found a place in the material world. This example should bring us to realization and development of the Mankind’s spirituality, which, in its turn, will remove all obstacles between people for the purpose of survival, improvement and self-cognition as a representative of the Universal Supreme Mind. Development of the Mankind’s spirituality will help us purge ourselves of the negative accumulated in the aura of the Earth by numerous generations of people represented by negative emotions and thoughts existing in the forms of egregores and ideas at the subtle level of the universe. It should also be mentioned that the negative of the Mankind’s thoughts and emotions is the contents of manifestation of the Earth aura and ecology pollution process.
Therefore, development of the Mankind’s spirituality, the positive of thoughts and emotions leading to creative activity will serve as the basis of harmonization with the environment and the laws of the Universe.
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